1. General anatomic and physiologic differences between children and adults especially with respect to the respiratory, cardiovascular, renal, and gastrointestinal systems, and metabolism, temperature regulation, and glucose homeostasis.
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3. Pre-operative assessment including NPO guidelines, patients with upper respiratory infections or anemia, and uncooperative patients.
4. Pediatric breathing circuits including indications, limitations, humidity, and thermal control
5. Pharmacologic considerations in neonates, infants, and children with respect to anesthetic requirements including inhalation agents, opioids, muscle relaxants, and local anesthetics.
6. Pre-medications including drugs, dosages, routes, and vehicles. Advantages and disadvantages of parental presence during induction.
7. Understanding fluid management, fetal hemoglobin and physiologic anemia, blood replacement, and massive transfusion issues in pediatric patients.
8. Anesthetic considerations of patients with congenital heart disease – cyanotic and acyanotic defects for non-cardiac surgeries.
9. Evaluation and management of the premature infant including issues related to fetal circulation, lung maturity, apnea, oxygen toxicity, and retinopathy, necrotizing enterocolitis.
10. Pathophysiology, anesthetic considerations, and management of patient with pyloric stenosis.
11. Pathophysiology, anesthetic considerations, and management of patient with congenital diaphragmatic hernia.
12. Pathophysiology, anesthetic considerations, and management of patient with tracheoesophageal fistula.
13. Pathophysiology, anesthetic considerations, and management of patient with gastroschisis and omphalocele.
14. Pathophysiology, anesthetic considerations, and management of patient for liver transplant.
15. Pathophysiology, anesthetic considerations, and management of patient for kidney transplant.
16. Pathophysiology, anesthetic considerations, and management of patient with myelomeningocele.
17. Pathophysiology, anesthetic considerations, and management of patient with cranio-facial abnormalities.
18. Pathophysiology, anesthetic considerations, and management of patient for spinal fusion.
19. Anesthetic considerations and management of patient for thoracic surgeries including issues with single lung ventilation.
20. Pathophysiology, anesthetic considerations, and management of patient with Pierre-Robin syndrome, epiglottitis, croup, and foreign body aspiration.
21. Pathophysiology, anesthetic considerations, and management of patient with apnea (central and obstructive).
22. Anesthetic considerations and management of patient for tonsillectomy/adenoidectomy, myringotomy, and tympanostomy tube insertion.
23. Issues and anesthetic considerations of patients for procedures in MRI, CT, and Cath Lab.
24. Peripheral nerve blocks in pediatric patients – indications, drugs, doses, toxicity.
25. Neuraxial anesthetic techniques in pediatric patients – indication, drugs, doses, toxicity, and post-operative monitoring.
26. Planning for and management of post-operative pain in pediatric patients.